Sunday, May 17, 2020
Synthesis And Secretion And Dendritic Spine Morphology
Calcium controls many neuronal functions, such as neurotransmitter synthesis and secretion and dendritic spine morphology. The role of CaMKKÃ ² is probably best characterised in the brain. CaMKKÃ ² and CaMKKÃ ± are both highly expressed in the brain (Anderson et al. 1996), and have been shown to be important in the formation of memory and neuronal plasticity (Wayman et al. 2008). In addition, studies show the CaMK cascade is essential for axon and dendrite elongation in cortical neurons (Ageta-Ishihara et al. 2009; Davare et al. 2009), as well as synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons (Saneyoshi et al. 2008). The CaMK cascade is known to regulate cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB) dependent transcriptional activity in vivo, which is important for hippocampal long term memory formation (Lonze and Ginty. 2002). Global CaMKKÃ ²-/- mice generated by Peters et al were found to have male specific impaired spatial memory formation secondary to reduced spatial-training induced CREB activation, as well as impaired long term memory for the social transmission of food preferences secondary to the lack of late long term potentiation at the hippocampal area CA1 synapses (Peters et al. 2003; Mizuno et al. 2007). No difference was found in other types of hippocampus dependent long term memory, including contextual fear memory and passive avoidance, compared to wild-type mice suggesting that the formation of these long term memory types do not require the activation of CREB by CaMKKÃ ².
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Over The Past Year, 12 Percent Of The Oceans Reefs Have
Over the past year, 12 percent of the oceans reefs have become bleached due to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification and in turn coral bleaching, is due to carbon pollution causing global warming, this makes the oceans warmer, thus making them more acidic. Coral reefs and shellfish cannot survive these levels of acid in the water. In particular the Great Barrier Reef, one of the seven natural wonders of the world, is suffering from this bleaching. The Great Barrier Reef has been declining in recent years due to this acidification, however, as of recently it has come knocking on death s door. Carbon levels started rising about 200 years ago during the industrial revolution, because the machines invented started pumping carbon dioxideâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦An economic shortage would also occur because both the fishing industry and the shellfish industry will simply have less products to sell. The consequences of ocean acidification donââ¬â¢t just affect the ocean, it dire ctly affects humans too. ââ¬Å"Researchers documented the extent of the damage the reef off the coast of Australia sustained during the 2016 bleaching event, and found that only 8.9 percent of more than 1,000 reefs escaped with no bleaching along a stretch more than 2,300 kilometers longâ⬠(Kennedy). There have been 4 major bleaching events in the previous 20 years that have affected the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia. One happened on 1998, another in 2002, and then one in 2016 and one in 2017. This is the first ever documented occurrence of major coral bleaching happening two years in a row. The dying of the Great Barrier Reef will hurt the Australian tourism economy. The Great Barrier Reef tourism generates at least 5 billion Australian dollars a year or 3,297,000,000 USD, and employs nearly 70,000 Australians. The Great Barrier Reef is a huge source of income for Australia, and if it is destroyed the Australian economy takes a huge hit and in turn thousands of people will be affected. If the Reef doesn t do enough already, it also provides protection and a food source. The Reefs dampen the waves that roll it, these waves can cause shorelineShow MoreRelatedOverfished Oceans868 Words à |à 4 PagesHow Can Overfishing of Our Oceans Be Prevented? Oceans cover much of the world. They contain many fish that are the primary diets for many nations. The ocean ecosystem is vital to all life. For a long time, it was believed that there was no end to the amount of fish in the ocean. It was thought there was endless supply. That belief has changed and our oceans are being overfished to the point that some fish species have collapsed and many more are in danger. 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Manure overflow from homesteads and gardens is a tremendous issue for waterfront rangesRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Food Production1718 Words à |à 7 Pagesonly continued to increase over the last decade (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). The last decade was the warmest recorded in Queenslandââ¬â¢s history, with temperatures being 0.58 degrees Celcius higher than the average for the past four decades (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 1). It is estimated that by 2050, temperatures will have risen an additional 1.0-2.2 degrees Celcius and rainfall will decrease up to seven percent (Queensland Climate ChangeRead MoreClimate Change And The Great Barrier Reef2273 Words à |à 10 PagesChau Luu SUST 1000.01 SP15 Date: April 30th, 2015 Climate Change and the Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is the worldââ¬â¢s largest coral reef system. It is located in Queensland and stretches 2,300 km along the coast, covering 348,000 km2. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority was established in 1975 in order to sustainably manage the natural heritage for future generations. The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most complex natural ecosystems and was listed on the World Heritage ListRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Environment1595 Words à |à 7 Pagesfamily.The good news is that we have the practical solutions at hand to dramatically reduce our carbon emissions, slow the pace of global warming, and pass on a healthier, safer world to future generations.Global warming is happening now. The planet s temperature is rising. The trend is clear and unmistakable. Every one of the past 38 years has been warmer than the 20th century average. The 12 warmest years on record have all occurred since 1998. The hottest year ever recorded for the contiguous
Free Sample Assignment on Sources of The Law of Armed Conflict
Question: Describe the sources of the law of armed conflict. Provide examples to support your discussion? Answer: The law of armed conflict which is also known as the law of war is related with the particular aspect of public international law that deals with acceptable justifications for engaging in war and also the limits that have been described for wartime conduct. Among other issues that are dealt with by the modern law of armed conflict includes the declaration of war, the surrender by the enemy and also the way in which the prisoners of war have to be treated. In the same way, military necessity as well as the provision of certain types of weapon due to the unnecessary suffering is caused, are also within the purview of the law of conflict. However as compared to other bodies of law, the law of armed conflict is considered as distinct. For example it is separate from the domestic law of nations state that is party to the conflict, which may provide additional limitations regarding the justification or the conduct of war. When it comes to the sources of the law of armed conflict, these can be divided into the early sources and the modern sources of the law of armed conflict. Since the early human history, efforts have been made to regulate the conduct of war by individuals as well as by the nations and also to reduce the impact of war on innocent citizens. Some of the early examples of these efforts can be found in the Torah (Old Testament) and the Mahabharata. For example in Deuteronomy 20:19, limitations have been prescribed regarding the collateral and environmental damage that can be considered as acceptable. It has been said in this regard that when a city has been deceased for a long time, in war, the trees shall not be axed in order to use them for laying the siege. In the same way, as at another place it has been said that while marching for attacking the city, an offer of peace should be made first of all to the people of the city. If the offer of these is accepted by the people and the open the gates of the city, the people in the city can be subjected to forced labor. On the other hand, if they refuse the offer of peace, sieze can be laid to the city and engage in battle. Similarly Mahabharata also contained a discussion regarding the acceptable behavior in the battlefield in which it was mentioned that the chariots should not be attacked with cavalry and they should only be attacked by chariot warriors. In the same way, it was discussed that the warrior in this test should not be attacked for scaring order to defeat the warrior. It was also said that they should not be enraged against the enemy was not trying to kill them and therefore war should only be waged in order to achieve victory. In the same way, Koran also provides rules that have to be followed by the Muslims in combat. The Catholic Church also started to promulgate teachings regarding the just war. On the other hand, among the modern sources of the law of armed conflict, there are the lawmaking treaties; customs and the general principles. In this way, these are the various sources of the law of armed conflict. References Johnson, James Turner (1998), Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Lamb, A. (2013), Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms, Routledge Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds. (2000), Documents on the Laws of War (Third ed.), Oxford University press Walzer, Michael (1997), Just and Unjust Wars: A moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (2nd ed.), New York: Basic Books Johnson, James Turner (1998), Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Lamb, A. (2013), Ethics and the Laws of War: The moral justification of legal norms, Routledge Roberts, Adam; Guelff, Richard, eds. (2000), Documents on the Laws of War (Third ed.), Oxford University press Walzer, Michael (1997), Just and Unjust Wars: A moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (2nd ed.), New York: Basic Books
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